Human resource management works - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2648 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: Human Resource Management works within an organisation and it focuses on recruitment, management and providing direction for the people, it also deals with employee compensation, hiring people, performance management, organisation development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication and administration and training. Carly Fiorina (2003) defines HRM as Managing a company, not a share price, means balancing the requirements of shareowners, customers, employees and communities. And managing a company for the long term, not just the short-term, requires building sustainable value for shareowners and customers and employees and communities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Human resource management works" essay for you Create order And these relationships of sustainable value require real trust and real candour. In IHRM means globalisation of Human resource management. Globalisation refers to act as globally by expending the local business. In other way we can say that to introduce some local business to global market is called globalisation. In International HRM means, when a business wants to expand his business in global market or other country he has to consider some it can be operation perspective and management perspective to settle down his business. According to Broadly, the area of IHRM is managing all human resource management activities in the enterprises in the globally, examine and find out the solution for created problem of all human resource management activities as a global environment. HRM and MNE are working together significantly providing solution for any business problem at the globally. In Givanni Agnellis point of view Global organisation or MNE is a company where having people with different background, different cultures, different inclinations, different aspirations, different jobs and all of them have to produce miracle of their own striving together so that company balance sheet can be good. So IHRM has to manage the across cultures and all sorts HR related problems, adopt with different culture, maintain their employment law and industrial rules regulation. So International Human Resource Manager should maintain following thing to consider internationally for developing organisation. The List of main developing Global Consideration working in international context for human resource manager are as follows: Maintain global employment law, Industrial relations. Follow global ethnics and Labour standard. Global talent management and staffing. Ensure training and management development in multinational enterprises. Global compensation, benefits and taxes. International performance management. The well-being of the global work force. 1. Global employment law, Industrial relations: If any company goes for internationally the IHR manager should have some international responsibility to maintain the international business. Different countries have different rules for the business to settle. So IHR manager need to coordinate all type of problem. About managing across culture we can say like Mahatma Gandhi in book Managing Across culture by Schneider Barsoux (2nd ed. 2003 p185) Let my house not be walled on four sides, let all the windows be open, let all the cultures blow in, but no culture blow me off my feet. However, there are number of international organizations have that support labour standard which influence employees and labour relation within MNEs, this organization are such as United Nations (UN), the International Labour Organisation (ILO), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). All of this organization individually plays different types of role to develop employment law for example UN always plays an insignificant role to develop employment law and labour standard. They mainly focus on social dimension of international trade area. On the other hand ILO internationally works for improvement of the working conditions; maintain living standards and the fair and impartial treatment of workers. Moreover, an IHR manager should idea about how to manage these international issues and he has to co-operate the international laws with the national laws. Other wise he will not be a successful manager. Furthermore, industrial labour relations are important in global organization. Before taking any decision MNE has to share with labour union or government agencies. IHR manager is responsible for maintaining labour relation in an organization. David Killingers (2000) point of view who is the Director of international labour affair is that because he works so many countries, one of his primary roles is to educate all the parts of the business in the US about what is going on around the world and how that affects total business. 2. Global ethnics and Labour standard In International Human Resource Management: Policies and practices for multinational enterprises by Briscoe, Schuler and Claus they define Culture is a group of people where they have own way to live, behaving and believing which they developed over long time and share by there generation. Different ethic has different type of problem. IHR managers have to solve different ethnic problem. He has to maintain there government rules and regulation to recruit staff. For example some country, they are very restrict about foreign recruitment they dont want to recruit too many foreigner in a company. And they want to train there own people as management post. On the other hand some country doesnt have any restriction about the foreign recruitment. They feel happy to have foreigner in management post. So, IHR managers responsibility to find out what county have want sort of requirement and proceed to fulfil their requirement in global perspective. However, managing across countries culture is a challenge for IHR manager. In a case of Mendenhall et al Readings and cases in Human Resource Management: An executive with TRW Inc. pointed out the importance of this when he stressed that: Just because you have taken an international assignment to China does not mean you can effectively manage across multiple countries. For most (leaders) an international assignment is a critical developmental experience, but that is not all it takes to turn you into a global leader. This means that we must have HR people who are global long before we need business people; otherwise how will we identify, train, and develop business leaders? (Mendenhall et al 2007 p. 22) That a good observation of the executive as because to established a business in other country we need to examine the culture, identify the people, train the people and develop the people to maintain the global standard then we can have a successful, and well develop global business. Moreover, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) also has some requirement to maintain labour standard in global and local perspective. ILO is only organisation that deals with labour issues and currently it has 182 membership countries. In global ethics area IHR manager identify the fundamental morality of human philosophy. According to Briscoe et al (2009) A set of global principles that, under no circumstances, should ever be violated in code of ethics which might be important for IHR manager and it suggest local practices which is sometime different from parent country as because they did not violate the universal principles. 3. Global talent management and staffing Human resource manager means managing people. The main objective of IHR manager in global talent management and staffing is planning of global work force where he can estimate employment needs of MNE and also he can develop plan for fulfil those needs. Here term work force means employees of an organisation or enterprise and labour force means a group of talent employees in the labour market from where an organisation attracts and hires its employees. There are three categories of people for recruiting in an international organisation such as parent country nationals, Host country nationals and third country nationals, International Human Resource manager should careful about that perspective. However different countries rules and regulation about recruitment, reward or punishment policy are not same. Recruitment policy depends on countries internal policy. Moreover, every country sets different rules for the organisation about his parent country nationals, host country nationals and third country nationals. Parent country nationals means organisations own country, it may be short term transfer or long term transfer and it is fully depend on companies internal policy, host country means where the organisation is establishing business, it is important hiring local people and third country means different country from the both nation. Third country nationals is important as because skills or expert people required for establish a business it sometimes for high technological introducing issue or train and develop people with high technology. So, one of the major characteristics of IHR manager is to manage global staffing choice all type of employee in organisations needs. In appendix I it shows that how IHR manager select global talent management and staffing policy. Furthermore, IHR managers one of the challenges is about staffing concerns the nature and applications of immigration laws. It is important due to employee recruiting the global firm, new employees from other country nationals are hired for that reason visas are required for the international assignees, and HR managers duty is to arrange work visas and work with officials in other countries for the technician as they send abroad as expatriates. 4. Training and management development in multinational enterprises. An IHR manager should have to well organize about training and management development in multinational enterprises. Training and management development is necessary as because to implement new ideas in an organization. But it also depend on country, some country always welcome new ideas, some are reluctant to accept ideas from specific country and some country is completely agree about this as because they dont have that kind of expert to implement the new ideas. According to Richard Harlow the senior development consultant at global training consultancy TMA in UK: Time and time again, I hear similar stories of global training initiatives not having the desired effect. And it boils down to a number of reasons. Sometimes badly interpreted material is to blame, other times internal politics may be at play, or perhaps employees in a particular location are just not accustomed to the way the briefing/training is delivered. And companies end up digging deeper in their pockets to retrain or troubleshoot. However, IHR manager also careful about culture, language, learning style, education levels and transfer of learning otherwise he cant be successfully train the people and cant able to develop the management style in MNEs. All of these issues are important of IHR manager. For example, different nationals cultural views is not same, so IHR professional should have clear understanding about how that cultural views and educational system or learning style works. Other important issue of global T D is language. IHR mangers need to arrange training for global workforce whether in a single language or common language or if necessary he has to translate training program in respective language. And for the cross border they need to understand by the MNE providing training by transfer of learning. IHR manager responsibility is to examine the all sort of problem and solve it the respective way to train the people and become successful to management development and he has to expert of cross c ultural adjustment. Furthermore, one author with extensive international business experience, writing for the American Society for Training and Development, says this global mind-set: is a way of being rather than a set of skills. It is an orientation to the world that allows one to see certain things that others do not. A global mind-set means the ability to scan the world from a broad perspective, always looking for unexpected trends and opportunities that may constitute a threat or an opportunity to achieve personal, professional, or organizational objectives. 5. Global compensation, benefits and taxes. One of the critical responsibilities for IHR manager is to plan, structure and maintain global compensation and benefits of work force of the MNE. It is become extreme complicated due to considering multiple countries employees for example parent country, host country and other countries nationals, varying different countries it is changes the level of pay and benefits, cost of leaving, multiple currencies, exchange rate, tax systems and tax rate. All are fully depend on countries internal CB policy. In addition to that compensation and benefit system is not same for the host country nations to parent country or third countries nationals. It is depends on global remuneration structure for employees of the MNE in various place in the world. It can be found that same level of job doing by different countries national receiving different pay and title also different, it is happens due to different countries life style, living cost is not same. For successful IHR manager, it is extremely necessary to efficient plan of a global CB system. Moreover, IHR managers also need to design maintain of how the vacation requirement, working hour, pension plan, insurance, Maternity and family leave and other flexible benefits for the parent nationals, host country nationals and other international employees all he need to do in a fair way. He should have clear judgment of all employee cost of leaving standard, life style and all other relative perspective. 6. International performance management. Performance management is important in an international organisation to keep companys internal and external policy up to date. By the PM any organisation can measure or evaluate his international and local assignees. Employee evaluation measure performance where we can have positive or negative feedback i.e. what he is doing? What his work standard level? How he performing his job? Identify quality of his job? Is there any development or training need or not? However, Performance management is the process of assessment of employee to reach the destination of the company. In that case PM of MNEs is very important for IHR manager. It is a great challenge for him, as because he has to evaluate international and local all employee where depends on employees promotion, pay rise, rewards, motivation and so on. On the other hand it is leading to companys development, improving productivity and efficiency. So, IHR manager should maintain some criteria for performance appraisal. In appendix II it shows a model how a multinational enterprise measure performance international assignees. IHR manager in a MNE is look for PM in three different stages. First able, he has to design of the process, then implement the process and finally evaluate the process. In design stage IHR manager need to decide purpose of PM and what criteria he is doing performance measure, how and how often he is going to do PM, who is person is doing PM and standardization of the process. In implementation stage, IHR manager is implement the whole process and decide which way PM done. Finally evaluation stage it shows the outcomes of PM after implementing the decision PM. 7. The well-being of the global work force: In MNEs, IHR manager has to take care about his work force. It is also one kind of challenge of him. First able, IHR managers responsible to check whether the global firm is maintain health and safety law or now. Secondly he has to maintain family-friendly policies and work-life balance. Now a day it is became a new set of issues and opportunity for IHR manager. Final responsibility in these respects is crisis management. IHR manager is responsible to design and implement crisis management program for employees many types of damage and health and safety problems depends on their value of services. Conclusion: In summary, these all are the main developing issues of global considerations for human resource managers working in an international context. IHR manager need to works on very carefully and considerably for MNEs. The success and development of international organisation depends on all of those criteria. So, IHR manager role is the challenge of present context in international organisation. Reference: Briscoe D. R, Schuler R. S Claus L., (2009) International Human Resource Management: Policies And Practices For multinational enterprises Third edition, p 293 Fiorina, Carly, Restoring Trust: Corporate Responsibility and the CEO, in Thomas A. Kochan and Richard L. Schmalensee (eds.), Management: Inventing and Delivering the Future. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003, 25-36. Thomas A. Kochan (2004) Restoring Trust in the Human Resource

The Importance of Educational Improvements in California...

The Importance of Educational Improvements in California Schools â€Å"The competitiveness of Americans in this global market is coming to depend †¦on the functions that Americans perform—the value they add—within the global economy.† United States citizens devote a significant portion of their incomes to educate future generations through the taxes they pay, and the resultant expenditures of federal, state, and local governments on education. As the epigraph of this essay suggests active participation in a competitive global economy will be required of future tax payers, if we (the people of California) desire to create an environment in our state in which individuals can continue to pursue personal, public, and economic growth.†¦show more content†¦Constitution forbids states to deny any person the equal protection of the law. Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 also prohibits discrimination on the basis of students’ minority language status. The OCR memorandum of 25 May 1970 requires school districts to take affirmative steps to rectify language deficiencies in order to â€Å"open instructional programs to all students.† Furthermore, the Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 requires districts to take â€Å"appropriate action† to educate English learners. In 1973 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Lau vs. Nichols that the San Francisco school system violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by â€Å"denying non-English speaking students of Chinese ancestry a meaningful opportunity to participate in the public educational program.† The decision stated measures must be taken to ensure that English is taught to students who do not speak English or have limited-English proficiency (LEP) in order to provide equal access to educational opportunities. In a unanimous ruling the court said, â€Å"The failure of the San Francisco school system to provide English language instruction to approximately 1,800 students of Chinese ancestry who do not speak English, or to provide them with other adequate instructional procedures, denies them a meaningful opportunity to participate in the public educational program, and thus violates  § 601 of the Civil R ights Act of 1964, which bans discriminationShow MoreRelatedStepping Up For Stem Education Act1597 Words   |  7 Pagesput emphasis on more educational technology research projects to improve school curriculums and introduce the younger generation to the 21st century workforce. This bill will provide equal access to all students, giving them access to the best digital resources to promote better learning experiences. Teachers will be trained specifically on effective ways to utilize new instructional strategies that will aid students of different background to achieve better grades in school. Through this programRead MoreImproving School Education System Essay1360 Words   |  6 Pagesthe privilege to be educated are those who climb up the success ladders later in life. For a certain majority of students in the States, our current educational system may not seem to serve its purpose. In this paper, I will explore two possible adjustments that could be made to improve our system to benefit our next generation. Academic improvement and class size reduction are the two adjustments that I will elaborate on. The world is constantly moving forward. Our societies are in search forRead MoreA Case Study Of No Child Left Behind1291 Words   |  6 Pages(NCLB) has placed enormous pressure on schools. This pressure required schools/school districts to evaluate and change the manner in which they conduct the business of education. Some of the areas that received heightened attention are; student achievement, teacher effectiveness and school accountability, all of which continue to be scrutinized. This scrutiny is not isolated to primarily one state or territory. In fact; the article Exiting Program Improvement (2014), backed this notion. The researchersRead MoreChild Development And Family Studies Essay1670 Words   |  7 PagesChild Development and Family Studies is a very important field of study. Being able to study how infants’ progress through maturity allows professionals to be able to make improvements that will enhance children’s growth throughout the years. Through exte nsive research Child Development and Family Studies professionals have been able to demonstrate how important a child’s surroundings are toward their development. Everything that children encounter in their lives, especially in the early years hasRead MoreEducation in Emergency: Role of the Readiness and Emergency Management for Schools Discretionary Grant Program656 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Local Educational Agencies (LEAs) may apply to the Readiness and Emergency Management for Schools (REMS) discretionary grant program for funding to help strengthen the emergency management plans of their institutions. School districts that are awarded grant monies may address the four phases of emergency management recognized by best practice standards. These phases include Prevention-Mitigation, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery. As the state of California deals with depletedRead MoreCreating A Data Driven Decision Making School Essay1339 Words   |  6 PagesMaking School Tips that Work Tameka R. Crook Alabama A M University Author Note EDL 530: Data Driven Decision Making Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Tameka Crook, Department of Educational Leadership, P.O Box 998 Normal, Alabama Contact: tcrook2@bulldogs.aamu.edu Abstract Collecting data has been a decades old practice of educators. The No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act prompted front-runners in education to ascertain the importance of dataRead MoreWhy Do Students Experiencing Homelessness?1205 Words   |  5 Pagesliaisons are responsible for advocating for students experiencing homelessness by actively searching for children to enroll, creating awareness about educational rights, and working with agencies that serve the homeless to promote educational stability and opportunity. (Wilkins, Mullins, Mahan, Canfield, 2016) As a result, there have been important improvements that have been seen in the MVA, these are considered residency requirements, record transfer delays, and having a lack of transportation. (WilkinsRead MoreTeaching And Learning : Education And The Quality Of Teaching1127 Words   |  5 Pageseducationists attempted to promote learning through developing a set of invaluable strategies in order to help the learners to improve their ed ucational level of achievement. By the 1970s, the importance of analysing the learning process in education was pervasive even in other fields. Therefore, scholars including psychologists had their forethoughts about improving the educational field. Thus, they posited that they should include the possibly-available styles and forms occurring during the learning processRead MoreAnalysis Of Arthur L. Costa1291 Words   |  6 PagesArthur L. Costa is a professor of education at California State University, Sacramento, and cofounder of the Institute for Intelligent Behavior in El Dorado Hills, California. He has served as a classroom teacher, a curriculum consultant, an assistant superintendent for instruction, and the director of educational programs for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. He has made presentations and conducted workshops in many states as well as Mexico, Central and South America, Canada,Read MoreThe Career Technical Education Model Curriculum Standa rds1552 Words   |  7 Pageseducated workforce than ever before, and jobs in this new economy require more complex knowledge and skills than the jobs of the past. The California Department of Education and the California State Board of Education are pleased to present the California Career Technical Education Framework for California Public Schools, Grades Seven through Twelve. The California Career Technical Education Model Curriculum Standards, Grades Seven Through Twelve, adopted by the State Board of Education (SBE) in 2005

Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility and Gaining

Question: Discuss about the Concept of Corporate Social Responsibility and Gaining. Answer: Introduction The assignment is aimed at understanding the concept of corporate social responsibility and gaining a deep insight into the arguments that are in favour and against the companies that demonstrate corporate social responsibilities. The assignment also discusses some important activities of Google, which the company is carrying out to demonstrate its corporate social responsibilities. Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate social responsibility, also known as CSR, is defined as a business approach that aims at working towards the betterment of the society, environment and the stakeholders without expecting anything in return. Corporate social responsibility is a relatively new concept that has come into limelight in the past few decades (Lexicon.ft.com, 2016). The companies these days are under a lot of market pressure and even the customers want to be attached to those companies which are concerned about the stakeholders and the environment in which they are working. Further, with the rising levels of global warming, the companies too have realized that they have been degrading the environment over the past few decades and it is the right time to start working towards protecting the environment in which they have been working. As a result, companies nowadays are demonstrating their corporate social responsibilities in a number of ways (Corporate Social Responsibility, 2016). Let us now discu ss some common ways in which companies are trying to demonstrate their corporate social responsibility: Environmental efforts one of the most common ways in which business organisations are trying to become more responsible towards the society is by adopting the principles of environmental stability into all the business decisions that help in minimising the impact of a companys activities on the environment. Philanthropy another common way of demonstrating ones responsibility towards the society is by donating money to organisations that work for some social causes or to some national or international charity organisations. Ethical labour practices corporate social responsibility also covers the employees, who are an important stakeholder in the business. Thus, by following ethical labour practices, companies are trying to demonstrate their corporate social responsibility towards the employees. Volunteering another market trend, which has recently become famous, to demonstrate social corporate responsibility is by attending volunteer events in order to polish the image of the company in the market. Arguments in Favour of Companies Practicing Corporate Social Responsibility Many people are of the view that corporate social responsibility is just a simple concept that exists in papers or in books and a concept that the companies can use to improve their market image. It might be hard to believe for such people that corporate social responsibility is actually a full-fledged concept for which business organisations are spending millions of dollars every year. They not only do it to achieve a better image in the market but are doing it because they have understood the importance of working towards the society, which is the key to all the business activities. Let us now discuss some arguments that are made in the favour of those companies that demonstrate corporate social responsibility: Satisfied employees corporate social responsibility does not only cover acting responsibly towards the environment or the customers but also extends to the employees as well. Employees love it when the company gives them extra attention and feel proud when they are working for a company that plays an important role towards the betterment of the society and the environment. When a company demonstrates its responsibilities towards the society, it improves its image in the market and is able to keep its employees happy (Mahajan, n.d.). As a result, the productivity increases and the employees become more committed towards their jobs and the organisation. Satisfied customers it has been found that the customers love to get into business with those companies that are responsible towards the environment and the society. It has also been found that the sales of environment or eco-friendly products are greater than the normal products. A study conducted by IBM concluded that majority of the business executives were of the view that the companies could achieve market competencies by demonstrating their social responsibilities towards the stakeholders. Positive promotion positive promotion is one of the prime reasons that motivate business organisations to demonstrate their corporate social responsibilities. Companies that demonstrate their corporate social responsibilities in the public are able to achieve a lot of positive promotion for them. Instead of investing millions of dollars into advertising and promotional campaigns, companies can instead invest the same amount of money into social causes and can find better promotional opportunities (Mahajan, n.d.). In fact, an act of responsibility towards the environment or the stakeholders is always appreciated by the media, which obviously attracts a lot of market attention. Cost reductions another benefit of demonstrating corporate social responsibility is that it helps in decreasing the operational costs instead of increasing them. If a company is able to properly execute its responsibilities towards the environment or the society, it can save a lot of important resources from going waste. For example, a company can reduce its operational costs by saving energy and ensuring that all the appliances, machines and other such equipment are turned off when not in use. On the other hand, good deeds intended towards the stakeholders also help in retaining and attracting talented employees. Thus, a company can easily bring down its operational costs to a great extent if it is able to demonstrate some corporate social responsibilities. Better business opportunities indulging into corporate social responsibilities also help companies in opening up new and potential business opportunities that can become a turning point in the companys timeline. Good deeds in the market can attract a lot of like-minded customers, business owners, suppliers, etc. and by joining hands with them companies can open up a lot of business opportunities for themselves (Trong Tuan, 2012). Arguments Against Companies Practicing Corporate Social Responsibility Like any other thing in this world corporate social responsibility too has its cons and pros. Where some people really appreciate the concerns that the companies have for the environment, society and the stakeholders, there are some who consider it to be not so good for the business of an organisation. Let us now get a deeper insight into the arguments that are against the companies that practice corporate social responsibilities: Green washing it has been observed in the past few years that most of the companies, in order to compete with the market leaders, end up making false claims regarding their social corporate responsibilities whereas they do not do anything for the betterment of the society or the environment in actual. A major reason behind this mistake is the clash of interests. The managers are asked to run the company in a way so that the wealth of the stakeholders can be maximised and they stand the risk of losing their jobs if they try to allocate more resources to things such as corporate social responsibilities. Thus, they end up making false claims in the market, which when discovered, can prove to be detrimental to the market image of the company. Such companies lose more than they could have gained by actually doing something for the betterment of the society or the environment (Visser, 2007). Costs one of the major reasons behind the criticism of corporate social responsibilities is that some companies are not able to compete with the other companies in performing good deeds (Visser, 2007). It is obvious that large scale companies can afford to shed millions of dollars every year for demonstrating their corporate social responsibilities, which is not the case with medium or small scale organisations. Medium or small scaled organisations can suffer a huge setback if they try to demonstrate corporate social responsibilities and shed their hard earned money (Zahid, n.d.). Losses to companies it has been noticed a number of times that a few companies end up damaging their own market image in order to demonstrate their concern for the society and the environment. Such companies disclose the shortcomings of their products in case they are found guilty of violating their corporate social responsibility program. it has been experienced a number of times that some companies have called their entire stocks back into the warehouses even after a large portion of the product had already been sold in the market (Lexicon.ft.com, 2016). Shift from profit making objective we have studies in all the books that the prime reason for operating any kind of business is to earn profits. Milton Friedman, a famous economist and a critic of corporate social responsibility, was of the view that indulging into corporate social responsibilities can cause a shift in the focus of the business organisation from maximising the stakeholder wealth to community welfare. He also said that many organisations end up losing their important resources in order to demonstrate their corporate social responsibilities (Zahid, n.d.). A Company Leading in Corporate Social Responsibility Activities For those who believe that businesses are run by selfish business men who cannot spare money for the betterment of the society, it might be shocking to know that corporate social responsibility has changed the way in which business organisations perceive the society, the environment and the stakeholders. So far, companies throughout the world have spent trillions of dollars in order to improve the conditions of the society and to protect the environment from harmful business activities. Google, the leader in the information technology industry, has also demonstrated its concern for the environment, society and the stakeholders. The company has been a lot of initiatives to improve its image and to do something for the betterment of the society. One such initiative that the company has recently taken up is Google Green. Under this program, the company aims at reducing its energy usage by utilizing the energy in the best possible manner and to switch to renewable source of energy wherever possible. The company has been trying its best to foster a workplace culture where the employees are concerned about their surroundings. The company is saving a lot of energy by ensuring that the electronics, which are not being used, are switched off. By ensuring efficient and careful use of energy resources, the company has been able to bring down its data centre energy usage by 50% already. The company has also tried its best to reduce its carbon footprint by taking off 3,000 cards from the roads and starting a shuttle fleet that is now used by Google employees to commute from one place to another. Further, the company has also been recycling products to avoid wastage. Such efforts have not only helped the company in bringing down its operational costs but have also helped them in achieving a better image in the market. It can be observed from the above given facts that the leading companies in the world are actually leading the corporate social responsibility movement by setting examples for their rivals. Google has been performing exceptionally well and has also demonstrated its true concern towards the environment and the stakeholders. Conclusion Even though many people criticise the concept of corporate social responsibility, the benefits of the concept have been known to all. It is an excellent approach that helps business organisation to do something in return for the society and the environment, which helps them in carrying out their business activities. Thus, the companies do have a social obligation towards the society and they should try their best to fulfil it by working for the betterment of the society and protection of the environment. References Corporate Social Responsibility. (2016). IJSR, 5(1), pp.1829-1831. Lexicon.ft.com. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr) Definition from Financial Times Lexicon. [online] Available at: https://lexicon.ft.com/Term?term=corporate-social-responsibility--(CSR) [Accessed 20 Aug. 2016]. Mahajan, P. (n.d.). Corporate Social Responsibility: A New Wave in Corporate Governance. SSRN Electronic Journal. Trong Tuan, L. (2012). Corporate social responsibility, ethics, and corporate governance. Social Responsibility Journal, 8(4), pp.547-560. Visser, W. (2007). The A to Z of corporate social responsibility. Chichester, England: John Wiley Sons. Visser, W. (n.d.). The Future of CSR: Towards Transformative CSR, or CSR 2.0. SSRN Electronic Journal. Zahid, J. (n.d.). Corporate Social Responsibility is No Responsibility. SSRN Electronic Journal.

Male Circumcision Controversy free essay sample

Abraham is said to have been directed by God, in Genesis 17 of the Old Testament, to circumcise himself, his sons, and all other males in his house. â€Å"Thus circumcision is encouraged and widely practiced in the Islam and Jewish faiths, in accordance with Abraham’s covenant with God (The History of Circumcision, 2001). †The origin of male circumcision in non-religious theories, suggest that it was practiced as a punitive measure in puberty or premarital rites as an absolution against the feared toxic influences of vaginal (hymeneal) blood, and for other health benefits. It might also have been a mark of slavery or preformed for cosmetic reasons. Moreover, the custom to use the male genitals as war trophies was widespread in Middle Eastern history, and has also been recorded by the ancient Egyptians. â€Å"In the United States and other Western countries, the practice of male circumcision for non-religious reasons began at the beginning of the twentieth century. We will write a custom essay sample on Male Circumcision Controversy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Male troops during World War II were encouraged to be circumcised due to the limited personal hygiene facilities in overseas combat zones (The History of Circumcision, 2001). In recent history, it’s a continuing â€Å"debate about the potential health benefits of infant circumcision† (Crooks and Baur; Chapter 14, 2010). Circumcision was clearly a controversial issue throughout history. One side declares it a form of mutilation and child abuse. Others feel the medical benefits outweigh any risk from the procedure. Moreover, societies have bounced back and forth on the issue, declaring it a necessary procedure in one era and then declaring it an unnecessary one the next. South Koreans started circumcising their children during the American trusteeship after World War II, and the American practice of circumcision became universal in South Korea by the end of the Korean War in 1952† (The History of Circumcision, 2001). In 1950, the British Health Service removed non-therapeutic circumcision from the list of covered procedures and the practice of neonatal circumcision in the United Kingdom declined sharply. In 1975, the Canadian Pediatric S ociety took the same position, declaring it an unnecessary procedure. The matter rested until 1985 when new data collected from the United States Army medical records seemed to show a higher rate of urinary tract infection in non-circumcised boys. This declared that circumcision is a necessary procedure and the medical benefits offset and risks. History shows that the practice of â€Å"routine circumcisions have maintained that the procedure has significant health benefits† (Crooks and Bauer, Chapter 4, 2010). Aside from any religious beliefs or references, circumcision is known to prevent infections that may result in serious diseases. There is evidence relating to the health benefits of circumcision. â€Å"Numerous studies indicate that circumcision decreases the incidence of childhood urinary tract infections, adult penile cancer, and genital wart infections† (Crooks and Baur, Chapter 4, 2010). Other health benefits include the â€Å"prevention of balanoposthitis, phimosis and paraphimosis† and HIV infection (WebMD, 2011). Balanitis is an inflammation of the skin covering the head of the penis. A similar condition, balanoposthitis, refers to inflammation of the head of the penis and the foreskin. Symptoms include redness or swelling, itching, rash, pain, and a foul-smelling discharge. Balanitis occurs most often in uncircumcised men and boys who practice poor hygiene. The inflammation occurs in the â€Å"area under the foreskin, if not routinely cleaned, harbors a variety of infection-causing organisms† from sweat, debris, and dead skin (Crooks and Bauer, Chapter 4, 2010). This can lead to irritation with a foul-smelling substance, called smegma. Balanitis can also cause phimosis, â€Å"A condition characterized by an extremely tight penile foreskin† (Crook and Baur, Chapter 4, 2010). It is a condition often seen in newborns. However, balanitis can also be caused by an infection, or by the formation of scar tissue as a result of an injury. Paraphimosis is a condition that occurs when the foreskin, once it is retracted, cannot return to its original location. The foreskin becomes stuck behind the ridge of the head of the penis, and if the condition is prolonged, there can be pain and swelling, and an impaired blood flow to the penis. â€Å"In extreme cases, the lack of blood flow can result in the death of tissue (gangrene), and amputation of the penis may be necessary† (WebMD, 2011). â€Å"Paraphimosis may occur after an erection or after sexual activity. It can also result from an injury to the head of the penis† (WebMD, 2011). The head of the penis is â€Å"soft and prone to tiny lacerations that allow HIV to enter the bloodstream more easily† (Crooks and Baur, Chapter 15, 2010). HIV is a serious disease and I would encourage any method to prevent the possibility of infection. â€Å"A number of health professionals and researchers have suggested that circumcision may significantly reduce the risk of HIV infections by removing an entry point for the virus – the thin foreskin with its high concentrations of cells that are easily infected by HIV† (Crooks and Baur, Article page 474, 2010). Studies in South Africa indicated that circumcised males have a lower risk of contracting HIV than uncircumcised males. The scar tissue from tiny lacerations of uncircumcised men can cause the development of cancerous cells, because of high concentrations of CD4 and Langerhans cells. â€Å"Penile cancer is a rare form of cancer that occurs when abnormal cells in the penis divides and grow. Certain benign (non-cancerous) tumors may progress in stages of cancer. The exact cause of penile cancer is not known, but there are certain risk factors for the disease† (WebMD, 2011). Men who are not circumcised have a higher risk for getting cancer of the penis. â€Å"Adult men who were circumcised after birth, where satisfied with procedure. Men were at a lower risk of diseases and penile cancer. Some men also experienced an improvement in sexual satisfaction and performance† resulting in a positive outcome (For and Against Circumcision, Video, October 18). I’ve discovered interesting facts for the widely practice of circumcision for various reasons; ranging from religious, ritual, and most importantly the health benefits that prevent serious infections. I don’t recall any pain or experience psychological trauma, associated with male infant circumcision. I assume my use, assistance in, of analgesia helps with a smooth procedure of at most 10 minutes. I’m grateful that I was introduced to analgesia and the removal of unnecessary skin at a young age. I defiantly encourage the procedure to avoid the risks of infections. The history and health benefits in male circumcision provide truthful and unbiased information allowing my decision to persist, if I were to have a son. Although opposing views of male circumcision have been indecisive throughout history, it has been declared a necessity for health reasons. Thanks for the United States Army in providing medical records containing a history of urinary-tract infections from uncircumcised men. It has been proven that health the benefit outweighs the risks. Considering the possible risks, it seems that uncircumcised men may experience a great amount pain and suffering. Balanoposthitis, phimosis, and paraphimosis, are potential infections in uncircumcised men that cause inflammation and serious injury to the penis, circumcise him now!