The Austrian Composer Franz Of The Formal And Structural...

The Austrian composer Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) was arguably the founder and developer of the formal and structural principles of classical style. His work included hundreds of symphonies, string quartets, and instrumental sonatas. Haydn was an innovator and many composers after him, modeled his style. FOUNDATIONS On March 31, 1732, Franz Joseph Haydn was born in the charming village of Rohrau, Lower Austria which is on the Hungarian border. Joseph, called Sepperl by his German parents, was born a peasant boy. Haydn’s father helped the village head to build and repair wooden wheels. His mother worked as a cook in the Palace of Count Harrach before she married. Remarkably, neither of Haydn’s parents could read music, but his father was a self-taught harpist. Hadyn’s father and mother had 12 children. Anna Maria died in 1754 and Mathias remarried and had five more children, all of whom died in childhood. Luckily, Haydn’s parents recognized and supported his talent for music. At age five, he became the music students of a schoolmaster at Hainburg, Johann Matthais Frankh. At 8 years old, he worked at the Cathedral of St. Stephen s in Vienna as a choirboy. By 1749 his voice had changed and he was no longer able to sing high choral parts. He played a joke on a fellow cl assmate by cutting off her ponytail. This resulted in a severe lashing and his dismissal from school. After being dismissed, Haydn had no place to stay, and his family could not help him financially.Show MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHistorical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded

Buddhism Vs Christianity - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1260 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/16 Category Religion Essay Level High school Tags: Buddhism Essay Christianity Essay Did you like this example? Religion is one of the most valued things in human society. It is what constitutes a country, group or society of individuals together. Although, in other cases it brings up problems and destroys unity between people. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Buddhism Vs Christianity" essay for you Create order Religion is the belief that humans have in a divine entity which controls the Universe. In multiple religions, there is more than one of these godlike entities. Every religion has differences between each other, but the most part of them look for right morals and justice in life. The topic of this essay is the differences between the Asian religion Buddhism and Christianity and the similarities as well corresponding the Divine law: Justice and Punishment. The way Buddhist approaches justice starts with how individuals behave. They are based in the moral law of Karma, to which they relate everything that happens in their life and in which good actions generate positive consequences and bad actions negative ones. Since it is centered on the monastery, Buddhism has based itself from the five precepts of good conduct (not commit sexual wrong, not to kill, not partake of intoxicants, and not to steal or lie) and it acknowledges the existing political regime (doesnt go against it). The people who rule in this society, in the other hand, often patronize the sangha, giving a lot of protection and resources, in exchange for the blessing of the monks. These arrangements started a very long time ago, when Ashoka was the King of the Indian subcontinent King in the third century BCE and continues through many democratic and autocratic regimes in countries where Buddhism is the dominant religion. For the last twenty years, South-East Asia has grown the social engagement of Buddhism (mostly in countries like Burma, Vietnam and Cambodia). Now that we know more about the way justice works in Buddhism, I will explain how the Biblical justice works (Christianity point of view). Justice in Christianity involves making the entire universe (groups and communities, individuals and the cosmos whole) by remaining impartial and goodness. Christianity is considered a true helpful religion for those who need it, according to James, who says that the kind of religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress and to keep oneself from being polluted by the world (James 1:27). In previous scriptures, he mentions as well, The righteous care about justice for the poor, but the wicked have no such concern (Prov. 29:7). Justice comes from Gods character and heart. Seeking to make the object of his holy love whole, is what motivates God throughout the Old and New Testaments in his judgments on sin and injustice. Only if we have hope and stay in contact with Jesus we can participate in his work of restoring lives, the church, and the world by the Spirit of the Lord. The church is to live now, considering Jesus restoration of all things. As we experience the wholeness that Jesus offers, we are to carry his justice forward in the world. We can see Gods heart in James epistle. James, fought against oppression to the poor people. He saw how the leaders of the church were favoring the rich and not taking care of those less fortunate (James 2:1-13). James tried breaking down these branches, as God tries to make his people whole. Christians still face the same problem nowadays, especially with the growing tendency of some Christians to downplay social justice to highlight personal morality. Jesus censored this in the Pharisees: Woe to you, teachers of the law and Pharisees, you hypocrites! You give a tenth of your spices†mint, dill and cumin. But you have neglected the more important matters of the law†justice, mercy and faithfulness (Matt. 23:23). Lets explain now the Buddhism and punishment. Buddhism is fundamentally based in the cycle of birth and re-birth (Samsara). It teaches that if someone must be killed for a crime he has committed, it will have big effects on the souls of both the person who committed the crime and the punisher in future incarnations. But Buddhism doesnt only punish people in future incarnations, it also punishes them in their current lifetime. Here is their point of view: Treating an offender in an inhumane way doesnt solve their misbehavior or those of humanity in general (killing someone before they are punished in this world is not accepted). The best way to treat an offender is reformatory rather than punitive. People should be punished in the right way, making the offender make amends. Getting him to rehabilitate into society should be of maximum importance. If someone punished the offender in a very cruel way, it will injure the offenders mind and the punishers as well. It seems almost impossible to severely punish someone with compassion. If this committed crime is extremely serious, the person must leave the community within he leaves, like his village, city, or country. Now that we know how the punishment works in Buddhism, lets talk about Christians point of view. From the Bible, Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed Genesis 9:6 I will approach this topic from the two angles Christianity has given to punishment: Taken from the Old testament and the New Testament. Old Testament The death penalty is introduced in the Old Testament Biblical and tells us that, in fact, God himself created the death penalty. Many Christians dont think that Death penalty should be a convincing argument The Old testament describes 34 capital penalties other than Idolatry, magic blasphemy and murder described in the Old Testament. Since these are not capital penalties anymore, Christians insist in getting rid of all the other capital offences and leave murder as the only one considered as a capital crime. New Testament In Matthew 7:2 we can see Whatever measure you deal out to others will be dealt back to you, although, it is not clear who deals with it: God or the state. By the other hand, Jesus said He who speaks evil of father or mother, let him surely die (Matt 15:4) When Pilate had to decide if Jesus should be crucified, Jesus himself told him that there was no choice to make, that this decision has been given to him by God. (John 19:11). It seems like Paul has his own idea of death penalty. From his scriptures we can see that the magistrate holds the authority does not bear the sword in vain; for he is the servant of God to execute His wrath on the wrongdoer (Romans 13:4). Capital punishment takes the commandment thou shalt not kill the literal way, affirming how serious the crime of murder is. This is based on taking this argument by its meaning, which could be interpreted as thou shalt not murder, but some Christians believe that Thou shalt not kill commandment should be a complete prohibition of killing, no matter the situation. In conclusion, we can say that these religions differ in some respects. For example, in Buddhism they prefer reformation of the person rather than punitive actions, while Christianity accepts punishment, but does not accept death penalty (depending on the Testament) unless its for murder. Buddhists believe that Justice comes from Karma (good things will happen to those who do good actions and bad things to those who misbehave in society), and Christians take justice the literal way it is given in the Testaments, but at the same time, justice must be applied comprehensively, being more understanding with poor people and more strict with those who have everything in life.

Affect of Fast Food Free Essays

string(29) " generations tend to prefer\." Primary Factors that Affect Choice of Fast Food PRIMARY FACTORS THAT AFFECT CHOICE OF FAST FOOD AMONG INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND DIFFERENTIATIONS IN HEALTH PERSPECTIVES RELATED TO CONSUMPTION OF FAST FOOD ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to identify the impact that culture has on the consumption of fast food and to compare the difference in buying behavior in different countries. Finally, this work will investigate the major factors that affect customer’s choice in fast food and to understand the relationship between food consumptions and health. This study has made a qualitative examination of fast food consumption among individuals of various nationalities and ethnicities in various countries specifically as related to consumption of fast food through an extensive review of literature in a study reported in interpretive and descriptive findings. We will write a custom essay sample on Affect of Fast Food or any similar topic only for you Order Now Literature reviewed in this study is of an academic and peer-reviewed nature and published in journals, books, and professional literature and is of a recent nature. Globalization is greatly changing society and culture all around the globe in terms of consumer choices, lifestyle, individual preferences, socialization and custom and at the same time all of these factors are individualizing and changing specific aspects of marketing for fast food restaurants such as McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and others. In short, understanding factors affecting consumer choices regarding fast food is a complex focus of research because many diverse and various factors must be taken into consideration in terms of fast food and indeed the non-foodness’ (Kwan, 1999) this study has found that non-food related factors affecting consumer choice of fast food establishments on a local and international basis include factors such as: (1) individual choice; (2) religious; (3) group preferences; (4) health-related factors; (5) location and availability of restaurant choices; (6) costs; (7) socialization; (8) time available for eating; (9) with whom they are eating the food; (10) whether the individual is a student in a college or university within the proximity of a fast food restaurant. OBJECTIVE The objective of this research is to identify the impact that culture has on the consumption of fast food and to compare the difference in buying behavior in different countries. Finally, this work will investigate the major factors that affect customer’s choice in fast food and to understand the relationship between food consumptions and health. INTRODUCTION This study focuses on the factors that affect the choice of fast food by individuals in various countries throughout the world and specifically as related to buying behavior as related to consumptions of fast food and health perceptions among these individuals and different cultures. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Many studies have cited health-related affects from fast food consumption therefore this study has sought to investigate the factors that affect the choice of fast food among different individuals in various countries throughout the world and the related health perceptions of these individuals as related to consumption of fast food. METHODOLOGY This study has made a qualitative examination of fast food consumption among individuals of various nationalities and ethnicities in various countries specifically as related to consumption of fast food through an extensive review of literature in a study reported in interpretive and descriptive findings. Literature reviewed in this study is of an academic and peer-reviewed nature and published in journals, books, and professional literature and is of a recent nature. INTRODUCTION Globalization is greatly changing society and culture all around the globe in terms of consumer choices, lifestyle, individual preferences, socialization and custom and at the same time all of these factors are individualizing and changing specific aspects of marketing for fast food restaurants such as McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken, and others. In short, understanding factors affecting consumer choices regarding fast food is a complex focus of research because many diverse and various factors must be taken into consideration in terms of fast food and indeed the non-foodness’ (Kwan, 1999) of fast food must be examined. ‘Non-foodness’ is a term coined in the work of Kwan (1999) which is a term used to refer to other reasons that fast food is chosen for consumption among consumers internationally. These factors will be specifically focused on in this study. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ) What different views are held among different cultures in countries throughout the world relating to consumption of fast food? 2) What are the health perspective differentials existing among individuals in various countries throughout the world related to fast food consumption? 3) What are the primary factors that affect the consumption of fast food by college-age students from various countries of the world? 4) Is consumption of fast food an addition to- or an extension of- cultural issues surrounding food consumption? 5) What non-food related factors affect consumer choice of fast food establishments internationally and locally? LITERATURE REVIEW The work of Jiang (2006) entitled: â€Å"American Fast Food in Chinese Culture† states that the research reported is of a study that examined the affects of American fast food culture on Chinese eating habits and the perceptions that the Chinese population have on their general health statuses and the effects of American fast food on Chinese health. Factors listed in this study for consumption of fast food included: (1) Convenience; (2) Speed; (3) Clean and quiet environment; (4) Children being the reason for visiting fast food establishments. Included in reasons for visiting fast food establishments by the Chinese individuals interviewed by Jiang were the reasons stated as: (1) Cleanliness; and 2) Preference for the food. In the country of China Jiang (2006) states that places: â€Å"†¦such as McDonald’s and KFC represent the attainment of the desired urban Chinese life. They are places where small companies started by recent college graduates hold office meeting s. They are popular dating spots among the young adults and quiet places to get away from the hustle and bustle of metropolitan life for the increasing population of white collar workers. The well lit, standardized and clean restaurants represent the antithesis of the traditional Chinese restaurant in which franchises are rare, busy meal time are always loud, and the older generations tend to prefer. You read "Affect of Fast Food" in category "Papers" (Jiang, 2006) Jiang relates that these fast food restaurants in China place an emphasis on the culture and social status which is reflected in â€Å"†¦the business strategies of the fast food companies in targeting the younger generation with weight loss salads, quiet environments and trendy music. † (2006) The younger generation in China have different values than do their parents â€Å"†¦the standards for social status have changed as well. Changing standards which American fast food among other companies have been catering to include the creation of â€Å"†¦non-smoking, clean, professional franchises that make the younger generation feel comfortable and upscale. At McDonald’s for example, they are treated in the same manner as a successful businessman thirty years their senior. At Starbucks, the standardized menu allows them to have their favorite drink made the same way no matter which franchise they visit. At KFC, one can sit down to study without being bombarded by loud yells from smoking middle-aged men talking business over beer. Whereas previous generations favored personal attention, the new generation now favors personal comfort. In order to be successful, consequently, new businesses have to target the intra-generational cultures. † (Jiang, 2006) The work of Wai Yin Kwan entitled: â€Å"American Fast Food in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and China† (1999) relates some very interesting facts. Kwan (1999) conducted a survey among Texas students from Hong Kong, Taiwan and China. Findings of the survey include the following stated reasons why these individuals choose fast food: (1) Because it is â€Å"something new and different† – Kwan relates that â€Å"since hamburgers, pizzas, and french fries are not items found in the traditional Chinese diet, many first time customers went to the fast food places just to find out what the food and the entire fast food experience were like. † (1999) (2) American – Kwan relates that for some of these individuals the aspect of the individuals in this study because it provided them with a â€Å"change to participate in and associate themselves with the American culture. (1999) Kwan’s study revealed that because â€Å"people have differing conceptions of what America is, the exact aspects of American culture that the consumers found appealing also differ. For the younger generation the American fast foo d/tee-shirt and jeans culture represents a lack of formal rules, casualness, and youth. For young adults who are involved or wish to be involved in the business world, American fast food represents the modern, global culture. † (1999) (3) Something special – Kwan relates that in the advent of the fast food chains â€Å"†¦their prices were relatively high compared to lower end, traditional eating establishments. The high prices prevented most people from going there on a regular basis, and therefore fast food was seen a special treat. (1999) (4) Tourist destination – Kwan relates findings that since fast food places are generally concentrated in the large urban areas â€Å"†¦and have not yet reached rural towns, many rural tourists who visit large urban cities in China make a special trip to fast food places. Many tourists have their picture taken in front of the McDonald’s sign or with the Ronald McDonald statue outside the restaurant to docume nt their contact with an exotic culture. â€Å" (1999) (5) Location, location, location – Over a period-of-time, Kwan’s study notes that â€Å"†¦as the number of fast food outlets increased, the reasons why people go to fast food places changed. All the interviewees who have become accustomed to the presence of the fast food chains now cite the numerous locations as a major reason for going to fast food outlets. Some of the students said while they would never make a special trip to go to a fast food place, they sometimes ate fast food because they happened to walk by a fast food place when they were hungry. † (1999) Additionally, other than the number of fast food outlets, the locations were noted to play an integral role in the popularity of fast food among the students from Hong Kong, Taiwan and China as many of these outlets are located nearby schools and college campuses and students were stated to be prone to gather in these outlets in the late afternoon and early evening following classes. (6) The Toys! – McDonald’s was found to be popular among youth from Hong Kong, Taiwan and China because of the toys provided with the Happy Meal. Kwan states: â€Å"Recently the Happy Meal toys also attracted the attention of the adult market. The sales of Happy Meals at McDonald’s in Hong Kong jumped 80% in 1998 after the introduction of the Snoopy doll, and jumped 10% in 1999 after the introduction of the Hello Kitty doll This increase in sales was driven by both kids and adults who bought and then resold the dolls at twenty times the original price. † (1999) (7) Friendly staff – According to Kwan another reason cited for the popularity of fast food was the friendly staff and atmosphere. Findings of the survey relate that quality of service varies at other high-end expensive and traditional restaurants â€Å"while the quality of service at traditional places varies greatly depending on the personality of the waiter, the students said that the cashiers at the fast food places are always smiling and polite. † (1999) (8) Cleanliness – Kwan relates the fact that Taiwanese and Chinese students â€Å"†¦were also impressed by the cleanliness of the fast food places. One reason for the cleanliness is the fact that unlike traditional restaurants where the customers leave all the dishes on the tables when they leave, the customers at the fast food places throw their own trash away. The students were also impressed by the fact that employees were constantly sweeping the floors and cleaning the windows. † (1999) The students from Hong Kong however, â€Å"†¦didn’t express the view that the service and cleanliness of American fast food chains are superior to domestic eateries. † (1999) Kwan reports that in survey questions that focused entirely on fast food at McDonald’s the following findings were stated: (1) Friendly atmosphere – Kwan relates that the tops reasons for choosing McDonalds among the students from Taiwan and China included: (a) clean atmosphere; (b) friendly atmosphere. Secondary was the food itself. 2) Cheap prices – Kwan relates that unlike China and Taiwan â€Å"†¦where the prices at McDonald’s were higher than traditional food eateries, the prices at McDonald’s in Hong Kong are cheaper than most other eateries. The low prices were very attractive to the young students who had a limited supply of money. † (1999) Kwan relates that among the students he surveyed that â€Å"none of the students I interviewed expressed a strong negative view of the American fast food chains. Also stated in the findings of the study conducted by Kwan (1999) is: â€Å"While there is a bias against American fast food, especially among the older generation, the bias isn’t for reasons that American critics normally cite. Many of the students said that their parents never even wanted to try American fast food because of the fact that they didn’t consider it real food. In their opinion a real meal consists of rice or noodles, some meat and vegetables, not â€Å"two slices of bread, a small piece of meat and some ketchup. †(Kwan, 1999) The students from Taiwan, China and Hong Kong, held the view that the more choices available to them all the better and as well nearly all of the students held the belief that â€Å"†¦of the students also shared the common belief that the introduction of American fast food companies was not a threat to their culture, because they believe that the Chinese people are too proud of their food culture to ever let fast food replace traditional food. † (Kwan, 1999) This study reports that among those students who enjoyed eating fast food it was viewed as â€Å"†¦more as alternative to their daily diet, rather than being the main part of their diet. † (1999) Kwan relates that there was no expressed concern among Hong Kong and Taiwanese students â€Å"over the widespread presence of fast food back home, some of the students from China were bothered by the rapidly increasing presence of fast food in China. One student said while she readily accepts the presence of McDonald’s in the urban cities, she is less supportive of the idea of McDonald’s spreading into the rural areas. † (Kwan, 1999) Kwan humorously states: â€Å"Relax people, it’s just capitalism! (1999) It is reported that the students surveyed held a belief that the fast food corporations are just â€Å"corporate behavior as a natural part of doing business†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1999) The students surveyed by Kwan did not have a negative image of America n fast food companies and some even held the belief that local food culture has been improved by the introduction of the fast food restaurants. The reason stated for this is: â€Å"Previous to the introduction of fast food, not much attention was paid to the service and cleanliness of inexpensive, small scale eateries; good service and a clean environment were high priorities only in expensive, high scale restaurants. The students, who are old enough to compare the conditions of local eateries before and after the introduction of fast food, said that some local restaurants are trying to improve their service and cleanliness in response to the competition from the American fast food industry. † (1999) The study conducted by Kwan also reveals the situation that occurred in Hong Kong: â€Å"In 1974 the founders of Cafe Coral changed the eatery from a traditional style restaurant, to a self-service system that combined Chinese style food with Western style concepts of mass production, quality, service, cleanliness, and value. By 1999 Cafe de Coral had 112 fast food outlets in Hong Kong, second only to McDonald’s 147 outlets. These domestic fast food companies have taken what they have learned from Western fast food companies and created viable alternative for local consumers who want both the service, cleanliness, and low prices associated with Western fast food and the taste of traditional Chinese food. † (Kwan, 1999) Kwan relates that the rapid spread of American fast food in China â€Å"†¦China should not simply be seen as one-way process of foreign business imposing their product on local consumers. Consumers have as much affect on the way the product is perceived and used, as the corporations that market the product. † (1999) Adjustments have been noted in the menu offerings by the fast food restaurants in order to adapt to the tastes of the locality which includes offering of the Teriyaki burger by McDonald’s and the offerings of a seafood Pizza by Pizza Hut topped with shrimp and squid. Students in numbers have made note of the fact that the Spicy Chicken Wings at Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) were greatly liked and Kwan states this is due to the fact that â€Å"Chinese people generally consider the wings, not the breast or the thigh, as the juiciest and best part of the chicken. † (1999) Another aspect of the attraction of fast food to consumers that differentiates American and Hong Kong customers is the time spent at a fast food establishment. American consumers are stated to spend, on the average, 11 minutes while the Hong Kong consumers reporting spending, on-the-average, 20-25 minutes at the fast food establishment. Kwan relates: â€Å"One student I interviewed said she and her friends would often go to McDonald’s for a â€Å"quick† thirty minute meal before going somewhere else such as the movies. While for Americans the idea of spending thirty minutes eating fast ood seems to contradict the purpose of going to a â€Å"fast† food pl ace, to Chinese consumers this behavior is quite normal. † (1999) Also stated among the findings of the study of Kwan is that the fast food establishment is a â€Å"place to hang out†¦a social gathering place for people, especially youths and college-age people. † (1999) The location of these establishments centrally located to schools, universities, and colleges and allowed those who frequented these fast food restaurants to hang out as long as they like, although the study reveals that other waiting customers did often apply pressure and hurry those with tables to eat and surrender the table and with other customers soon to follow to pressure those just having gained the table to give it up to them. Kwan specifically relates that one of the primary reasons for fast food restaurants becoming a chosen hangout is because â€Å"†¦there are no other food establishments that students and their friends could hang out. The owners of small, family-owned Chinese restaurants expect the customers to finish eating in a reasonable amount of time so that new customers can be seated. The fancier restaurants, that are more accommodating to people who stay for longer periods, are too expensive for most youths. â€Å" (1999) The social aspect of fast food restaurants reflects that status of eating in socialization among these students. Kwan relates findings that eating, among the students surveyed â€Å"was considered a social activity to be shared with others. All of the students said that they would usually or almost always go out to the fast food places with someone else. Some students even said that they would never go out to eat alone. For some students the primary purpose of going to the fast food places was to hang out, not to eat. A few of the students said that they went to the fast food places, even though they didn’t like the food, because their friends wanted to go. They would order a drink and maybe something small like fries or a dessert, and spend quite a while there just hanging out and talking with their friends. † (1999) Kwan notes the ‘Non-foodness of fast food† in that it has been assimilated into accepted local culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬  although this is certainly on a global scale, et this type of food is not viewed the same as traditional Chinese food in the Chinese culture. Chinese food is not only traditional in its content but in its cultural form as well the vast array of available dishes when eating in a Chinese restaurant is accompanied by a great and lengthy discussion as to the ‘quality’ of the food â€Å"†¦and urging others to eat more. † (Kwan, 1999) Furthermore, it is revealed in this study that Chinese fast food consumption is through â€Å"a simple routine of picking which number value meal they want. † (Kwan, 1999) One of the primary findings in this study is that â€Å"many people don’t expect to get full from fast food. Kwan states that students related: â€Å"†¦they would feel ripped off if they went to a traditional place and didn’t get full, the fact that they didn’t get full from McDonald’s never bothered them. A few of the students even commented on the fact that two or three hours after eating fast food, they would get hungry again. If they had eaten a real meal, meaning rice, meat, and vegetables, then they would be full for the rest of the night. † (1999) Kwan’s study notes that the reactions of the overseas students to fast food in America includes the findings that to these students interviewed from China, Taiwan and Hong Kong: â€Å"Chinese made American fast-food tastes better† accredited to the spices in China which are put in the burgers make them taste better than in America. Chinese students state that pizza is even better in China and stated in the survey: â€Å"Many of the overseas students said that they were disappointed the first time they ate pizza here in America because they were used to eating pizzas with five or six toppings back home. They thought it was a rip off that the pizzas in the U. S. usually only come with one topping. † (Kwan, 1999) Among the students interviewed Kwan states findings that â€Å"the ubiquitous nature of fast food is also another reason for their decreased interest in fast food. Since the allure of eating something â€Å"different†, something â€Å"American† is gone, the only reason left to go to the fast food places is the food itself. For most of the students I interviewed, the food just isn’t enough of a reason to go to the fast food places. † (1999) Kwan concludes the study by stating: â€Å"The reasons consumers in China, McDonald’s and Hong Kong go to fast food places is much more complex than the fact that â€Å"Chinese consumers are obsessed with all things American. † Their reasons for going to fast food places range from characteristics shared by consumers throughout the world, such as convenience, location and hunger, to reasons that based on specific cultural values, such as the view that eating is a social activity. Ironically the food itself only plays minor role in the popularity of fast food. The emphasis on going to a fast food place as a social activity, rather than a eating activity, offers a definition of the term â€Å"fast food† that is vastly different from the one created by the business executives. † (1999) The work entitled: â€Å"Fast Food: Faster Way to Ill Health† published in ‘The Hindu’ relates that while country has â€Å"the largest epidemic, in any nation, of malnourished people†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as well India â€Å"will soon be the largest epidemic of any national, of obese and diabetic people who will be prone to trouble with their kidneys, eyes, nervous systems, or other parts of the body. † (Balasubramanian, 2008) This is attributed to policies, or actually a lack of policies â€Å"of successive governments, central and state†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ((Balasubramanian, 2008) This report relates that fast food or ‘junk food in India’ â€Å"does not come any faster than the traditional idli, vada, dosa, samosa, pakoda or chat in our shops and stalls; indeed it comes slower. † (Balasubramanian, 2008) The report relates a typical scene in India stating: â€Å"One report says that over 23 per cent of the children in Delhi are obese. One hopes that this estimate is not true; if it is, one shudders to think of the numbers in Mumbai, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Kolkata, Gurgaon and other nouveau riche cities with their fast pervading mall culture and fast food attractions. Here is a typical scene from one such mall in Hyderabad. It has a 4-movie multiplex theatre, surrounded by 40-odd fast food kiosks and 20-odd shops that sell clothing, perfumes and jewelry, music and video CDs and DVDs and the like. Not one of them sells traditional Indian meals or snacks. And the mall, like 20 others in the city, is filled with thousands of youngsters who obviously have enough to spend. We did not have such scenes in India twenty years ago, but this mall and fast food culture is expanding explosively across India. This too is part of the globalization of India, a part that auses great concern about the health of its citizens. † (Balasubramanian, 2008) Balasubramanian reports a research conducted by the research firm ‘S ynovate’ recently among thirteen countries on â€Å"food habits and health, particularly fast food culture and obesity. † (2008) Findings in the study reported by Balasubramanian (2008) state the â€Å"†¦the number one fast food nation in the world is the United Kingdom. About 45 per cent of the people there are fast food eaters, and say â€Å"I like the taste of fast food too much to give it up. † (Balasubramanian, 2008) Following a close second are Americans at 44% and Canadians in very close behind in third place consumption of fast food and 37%. Very different findings are stated for the French who reject fast food at a rate of 81% and Singaporeans who reject fast food at a rate of 71%. Balasubramanian notes that while â€Å"†¦these two countries too are globalized, developed nations, and yet their people reject fast food. † (Balasubramanian, 2008) Balasubramanian states that a paradox exists among the French in that there are so very few incidences of metabolic type disorders and diseases. This could well be the fact that only 30% of those in France are overweight while â€Å"less than 24 percent in Singapore†¦Ã¢â‚¬  are overweight. Those overweight in China are at approximately 18% and 15% of individuals were obese in India until 1980 when that rate climbed rapidly to 27%. Balasubramanian makes a comparison of fast food and traditional food in India and states: â€Å"A hamburger with toppings yields 300 calories (cal) and 10 grams (g) total fat. A slice of pepperoni pizza has 180 cal and 7 g fat. A 12-oz (340 ml) can of Coca Cola yields 155 cal, and a small portion of McDonald’s French fries has 210 cal, and as much as 15g total fat (and the bad ones, the trans fats, form 4g of this amount). More often than not, these are eaten as snacks and not as meals, and thus add to the calorie and fat content- contributing to obesity and associated ill health. † (2008) Balasubramanian states that in comparison to Indian snacks nd ‘tiffin’ that these â€Å"†¦one midsize idli offers 70 cal and 0. grams fat, a sada dosa 140 cal and 5 grams fat (hence a set dosa or steamed dosa is better), and a samosa packs 370 cal and 18 grams fat (matching a pizza slice or a plate of fries). A glass of lassi (200 g) gives you 140 cal and 2 grams fa t (only if it is not ‘malai dal ke’). In the list of fattening dishes of India, korma and biryani stand on top, while ‘tikka’ items cooked in dry oven are low fat. This comparison is not to say: â€Å"avoid burger and fries, and eat only idli vada,† but to request to use moderation and caution. † (Balasubramanian, 2008) In another report from the University of Austin Texas entitled: â€Å"Research Examines the Incorporation of Fast Food Culture† it is related that although McDonald’s the work of Dr. John Traphagan and Dr. L. Keith Brown which is published in the Journal of Ethnology (2002) which relates that fast food is among many and â€Å"†¦often is disparaged as imposing American culture upon unsuspecting global consumers, a new study shows that in Japan fast food restaurants may have positive cultural effects. † (2002) This study â€Å"†¦highlights examples of how McDonald’s, Kentucky Fried Chicken and other Westernized fast food restaurants provide an opportunity for Japanese families to interact with a sense of intimacy and conviviality that is not seen in more traditional Japanese fast food establishments. † (Traphagan, 2002) T Traphagan states in the findings of the study: â€Å"We became interested in fast food in Japan as a result of casual observations of people in restaurants. It seemed to us that the patterns of eating and interaction were different from what is often reported in the media and in various scholarship in relation to the role of McDonald’s and other fast food venues in modern societies. We also were interested, in this age of globalization, in how the products of multinational corporations such as McDonald’s fit into other, non-American cultures,† he said. â€Å"We were interested in how such global, or American, products are perceived in other cultures, how those products are consumed and used in other cultures, how they are adjusted or changed to fit with the local culture and what effect such things have on other cultures. † (2002) Through observation of the behavior of those eating in fast food restaurants the researchers were able to note differential eating patterns between Japanese and American consumers including findings of the sharing of food among co-workers, friends, and members of family. Traphagan states: â€Å"It is very common for Japanese to have plates of common food in the center of the table, from which they take small portions. Intimacy is sometimes evident by the manner in which people use their chopsticks. If they turn the chopsticks around and take the food from the common plate with the back ends of the chopsticks, this indicates a degree of social distance. One would not do this with family members. The tendency of having common food in the center of the table holds in restaurants like McDonald’s, where people usually dump all of the french fries onto a common tray in the center of the table and then draw from them as desired. † (2002) Fast food was also found in the study conducted by Traphagan to be differentiated in Japan from fast food in the United States in that Japanese fast food â€Å"†¦involves a range of options wider than the burgers and fries or fried chicken that typifies the American example, ramen, yakitori and sushi can all be fast food. In some ways, many aspects of Japanese cuisine are fast food in that they can be prepared, kept and eaten quickly — although by no means do Japanese always eat quickly. (2002) It is important to note the findings stated by Traphagan that the Japanese â€Å"†¦view foods like hamburgers and fries as snacks, rather than as a full meal. The lack of rice puts these foods into a somewhat different catego ry from that typical in the U. S. † (Traphagan, 2002) Traphagan states findings that certain customs of the Japanese were â€Å"†¦sustained in fast food restaurants. One is that a woman in the group — the wife, mother or girlfriend — will go to the counter to place the order and pay, while the rest of the family is seated. In a society where family dinners are rare, the researchers found this time was used by the father to interact with his children, making a trip to McDonald’s an important family outing. † (Traphagan, 2000) The work of Douglas Kellner entitled: â€Å"Theorizing/Resisting McDonaldization: A Multiperspectivist Approach† (nd) states that no doubt exists that â€Å"McDonaldization is spreading as an international phenomenon. † This work states that in 1996 the Economists made note of the fact that McDonalds reported the intention to open approximately 32,000 new restaurants and that two-thirds of these would be located outside of the United States. It is stated that the analysis conducted by Ritzer while acknowledged McDonalds in terms of its ‘product, architecture, and atmosphere to local conditions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  fails to analyze the â€Å"meanings, social functions, and experiences†¦Ã¢â‚¬  that are experienced by customers as McDonald’s â€Å"generates a variety of local conditions. † (nd) It is noted that McDonald’s, just as any global artifact â€Å".. as very different meanings and functions in different regions and parts of the world, a nd a concrete analysis should interrogate local conditions in which consumers provide their own narratives of their site-specific and particular experiences to capture the variety and diversity of meanings of the McDonald’s effect. † (nd) Kellner states that he would argue for what I call a multiperspectivist social theory (Best and Kellner 1991 and 1997; Kellner 1995) to engage the phenomenon of McDonaldization and to provide a more contextual and multidimensional paradigm for analyzing the multiplicity of economic, socio-political, and cultural aspects of McDonaldization. This requires mobilizing the resources of both modern and postmodern theory, using both Marx and Weber, and Baudrillard and postmodern theory, as well as the resources of cultural studies and a critical multiculturalism, to theorize the full-range of the phenomenon of the global hybridization of McDonaldization, its cultural and ideological construction, and its complex effects. McDonaldization is a many-sided phenomenon and the more perspectives that one can bring to its analysis and critique, the better grasp of the phenomenon one will have and the better one will be able to develop alternative readings and generate oppositional practices. † (nd) The work of Jack Marr and Alcinda Hatfield entitled: â€Å"Fast-Food Restaurants: Just What Eastern China’s Consumers Ordered† states that the growth of fast food restaurants in the country of China has â€Å"mushroomed† in both ‘number and diversity’. Specifically stated is that â€Å"as recently as 1993, Chinese consumers had few fast-food choices. Restaurant food was limited to five-star hotels, traditional Chinese restaurants and street-side wonton, pulled noodle and tea-egg vendors. † (2004) The favorite fast food in the country of China is Kentucky Fried Chicken who has combined a popular mid-priced menu, featuring fried chicken, some of which is adapted to local tastes. Its modern atmosphere and marketing target Chinese children. (Marr and Hatfield, 2004) The primary competitor of Kentucky Fried Chicken in China is McDonalds with â€Å"sixteen of its current 120 restaurants in China are located in Shanghai. † (Marr and Hatfield, 2004) The work of Shiva Dindyal and Sanjay Dindyal entitled: â€Å"How Personal Factors, Including Culture and Ethnicity, Affect the Choices and Selection of Food We Make† published in the Internet Journal of Third World Medicine relates that the major cities in the world â€Å"are made up of diverse societies, consisting of a wide range of individuals from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Ethnicity refers to a social group, which shares certain distinctive features, such as language, culture physical appearance, religion, values and customs. Culture on the other hand refers to how we do and view things in our group. For example a shared set of values, assumptions, perceptions and conventions based on a shared history and language can make a certain group. In order for a society to function efficiently and smoothly these individuals must learn to integrate and coexist together. This will involve among other things, accepting and sampling different types of foods and even adjusting their diets. † (Dindyal and Dindyal, 2008) Dindyal and Dindyal relate that consumption of specific foods may be encouraged or discouraged among groups as well as the consumption of specific foods during certain life stages and under certain conditions. Religion is also stated to play a great role in food choice, selection and consumption in certain societies and cultures. Another personal factor affecting food choice and selection is â€Å"patterns of eating, which include for whom the food is being made. † (2008) Stated as an example is that in traditional eastern cultures â€Å"food tend to be prepared for a large number of people at regular times of the day. The opposite is true in western cultures, where food prepared less frequently during the day and often the same mea is eaten more than once during the day. † (Dindyal and Dindyal, 2008) Another personal factor affecting choice of foods is the individuals’ occupation which is a factor stated to â€Å"†¦directly influence the people’s social class. (Dindyal and Dindyal, 2008) Another factor is the â€Å"mood and individual personality† of the individual† as well as â€Å"geographical factors such as where people live and the rang e of shops situated near them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dindyal and Dindyal, 2008) A recent survey conducted among 975 girls and 13 boys relating to fast food reports that when asked â€Å"Do you enjoy eating fast food? † respondents replied as shown in the following chart. Figure 1 Do you enjoy eating fast food? [pic] Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When asked â€Å"How often to you eat fast food? † respondents in this survey revealed that they eat fast food between one and three times each week while the second largest group replied that they eat fast food between two and three times each month as shown in the following chart. Figure 2 How often do you eat fast food? [pic] Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were asked the question of: â€Å"If you don’t eat fast food, why? † respondents were asked to reply by stating: (1) I don’t like it; (2) My family never goes out to eat; (3) There are no fast food restaurants near my house; (4) It is unhealthy; (5) I eat fast food so this question does not apply to me; (6) I am a vegetarian/vegan; (7) It costs too much; or (8) other, the respondents stated as shown in the following chart. Figure 3 If you don’t eat fast food, why? |whynoeat | |dntlike |41 |5. 05 | famnoeat |51 |6. 28 | |noffrest |13 |1. 6 | |unhealth |126 |15. 52 | |eatff |550 |67. 73 | |Vegetarian |17 |2. 09 | |toomuch$ |6 |0. 74 | |other |8 |0. 99 | Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents in the survey were polled in relation to what their favorite typ e of fast food was choices provided included burgers, pizza, Chinese food, chicken, tacos, salad, soup, breakfast, hotdogs, chicken, fish and chips, nachos, french fries, subway, pasta, sweets, and none. The respondents stated preferences for fast food type as shown in the following chart. Figure 4 What is your favorite type of fast food? [pic] Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were asked if they had a favorite fast food restaurant among the choices of McDonald’s, Burger King, Taco Bell, Wendy’s, KFC, Jack in the Box, Arby’s, Jollibee, Subway, Pizza Hut, In and Out, Panda express, Long John Silvers, Tim Hortons, Dairy Queen, Checkers, or some random fast food place the replies stated were those as follows with McDonalds in the lead: Figure 5 Do you have a favorite restaurant? [pic] Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents in the survey were polled as to whom they usually went to fast food restaurants with the choices stated as parents/family, brother/sisters, friend, by myself, coach/team, grndrent, don’t eat, boyfriend/girlfriend, coworkers, or other, the replies given by respondents are shown in the following table. Figure 6 Who do you usually go to fast food with? Count Percent |whoeat | | | | parents/fam |526 |54. 73 | |brosis |63 |6. 56 | |friends |272 |28. 3 | bymylf |14 |1. 46 | |coach/team |1 |0. 1 | |grndrent |20 |2. 08 | |donteat |48 |4. 99 | |bf/gf |7 |0. 73 | |coworkers |5 |0. 52 | |other |5 |0. 52 | Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were asked â€Å"What do you enjoy most about fast food? † respondents stated the tastes as being the number one enjoyment with the second and third most stated reply being t he ‘fast’ and ‘cheap’ nature of the fast food as what is most enjoyed about fast food. All results are shown in the following chart. Figure 7 What do you enjoy most about fast food? [pic] Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were polled concerning what they liked the ‘least’ about fast food, respondents replied as shown in the following chart. Figure 8 What do you like the least about fast food? [pic] Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were polled as to their perceptions of fast food in terms of health the respondents gave the following replied stated in percentages concerning their view of fast food was that is it ‘unhealthy’. Only 104 disagreed with this statement and only 12 strongly disagreed. The overwhelming majority of respondents stated an agreement that fast food is not healthy. Figure 9 Fast Food is Unhealthy [pic] Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? – Latest Survey Results, nd) When respondents were asked â€Å"If you eat at a fast food restaurant, what is your main reason? † respondents stated reasons as shown in the following chart with liking the tastes of fast food and because their parents eat fast food as primary reasons for eating at fast food restaurants. Figure 10 If you eat at a fast food restaurant, what is your main reason? [pic] Source: (Report on would you Like Fries with that? Latest Survey Results, nd) Finally, this study asked respondents in this study the question of whether: ‘If you were forced to choose between cooking at home or eating fast food for the rest of your life, which would you choose? † Respondents overwhelmingly stated that they would choose to cook the rest of their life if forced to make a choice at the rate of approximately 82%. The study of Marsh, Fanning and Stiegert (2003) entitled: â€Å"Socioeconomic Determinants of Fast Food Consumption† states that: â€Å"Fast food consumption has increased dramatically over the past three decades in U. S. , accounting for nearly 35. 5% of total away-from-home expenditures in 1999. It is interesting to note the findings of this study which states: â€Å"Lin, Lucier, Allhouse, and Kantor examined the influence of fast food growth on frozen potato consumption. They report that on any given day that 13% of consumers eat french fries with fast food establishments accounting for 67% of the french fry market. They also report that french fry consumption varies by age, region, urbanization, race, and ethnicity, but independent of income. † (Marsh, Fanning and Steigert, 2003) Also stated in the findings of this study is: â€Å"Important regional and socio-demographic factors emerged. Consumers in the South and Midwest were most likely to consume fast food. In terms of gender, males were more likely to consume fast food than were females. Individuals were more likely to consume fast food until they reached 20-30 years of age at which point the likelihood that they consume fast food decreases throughout their life. Larger households (especially those with more than four persons) were less likely to consume fast food. Although the impact of income on the likelihood of consuming fast food was statistically significant, it was very inelastic. The likelihood of consuming fast food was much more sensitive to age relative to household size and least sensitive to income. † (Marsh, Fanning and Steigert, 2003) SUMMARY OF THE LITERATURE REVIEWED The findings of the present study acknowledge first that fast food consumption is global in nature stretching from India, to China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, to the United States, fast food and fast food restaurants are relevant to a great majority of the world’s consumers. This study has found that fast food restaurants located near schools, colleges, and universities, are frequented regularly by students and that places such as McDonald’s represent more than food consumption because these places are also places of socialization for college students and other young people where these individuals study and ‘hang-out’ with their peers. The largest majority of individuals who eat fast food have been found in this study to e completely aware that fast food is unhealthy however, this study has found that fast food is not considered by most individuals to be ‘real food’ and that fast food such as McDonalds is acknowledge as less nutritional, les s healthy and less filling than what is considered to constitute ‘real food’ cooked at home. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY This study has posed the questions of: (1)What different views are held among different cultures in countries throughout the world relating to consumption of fast food? ; (2) What are the health perspective differentials existing among individuals in various countries throughout the world related to fast food consumption? (3) What are the primary factors that affect the consumption of fast food by college-age students from various countries of the world? ; (4) Is consumption of fast food an addition to- or an extension of- cultural issues surrounding food consumption? ; and (5) What non-food related factors affect consumer choice of fast food establishments internationally and locally? This study has found that consumption of fast food is viewed pretty much the same across cultures, race, and ethnicity in various countries as most individuals acknowledge fa st food to be generally snack type food and not really to be considered a meal such as ‘real food’ cooked at home. Fast food, when contrasted to real cooked food would be cast aside if individuals had to make a life-choice of the type of food they preferred to consume. This study has also found that the largest majority of those who eat fast food acknowledge that fast food is unhealthy to consume on a regular basis. The primary factors influencing college-age students in their consumption of fast food are factors of socialization and availability of fast food restaurants near schools, universities and campuses. Fast food consumption has been found by this study to be both in addition to as well as an extension of cultural issues and customs surrounding food consumption. Finally, this study has found that non-food related factors affecting consumer choice of fast food establishments on a local and international basis include factors such as: (1) individual choice; (2) religious; (3) group preferences; (4) health-related factors; (5) location and availability of restaurant choices; (6) costs; (7) socialization; (8) time available for eating; (9) with whom they are eating the food; (10) whether the individual is a student in a college or university within the proximity of a fast food restaurant. CONCLUSIONS Having reviewed an extensive amount of literature in the subject area of factors affecting consumers in the consumption of fast food this study concludes that the factors that affect fast food consumption among consumers are great in number in all countries in which fast food in consumed. Non-food related factors are just as great in the influence of fast food consumption as are food-related matters such as taste and nutritional value of the food be ing consumed. However, traditional restaurant dining is greatly preferred among older consumers and among more discerning younger consumers although this does not greatly impact younger consumers in terms of reducing their consumption of fast food or increasing their consumption of more traditional restaurant dining food items. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH Future research will likely undertake studies of a longitudinal nature relating to factors affecting food consumption differences among different nationalities and ethnicities and as well will focus specifically on tracking the consumer patterns of individuals that follow those individuals over many years and life health-related transitions in gaining a complete understanding of the primary health-related factors that affect fast food consumption patterns among individuals of different nationalities and ethnicities. How to cite Affect of Fast Food, Papers

Strategic Performance Measurement Systems in Financial Services

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Performance Measurement Systems in Financial Services Organisations. Answer: Introduction Financial service organization or the banking sector has a crucial role in the current economy. They usually administer the households savings, firms as well as located credit amongst different potential individuals. In additions, banking sector or the financial service organization play a significant role in balancing risk in a given market by enabling the households and organizations to cope with all economic uncertainties. Determinant of their performance is crucial in determining allocation of capital, their growth, competiveness as well as financial stability. With these and in the current business environment, new competitive landscape has brought about technological revolution; hence, the increasing globalization present fundamental challenges to capacity of an entity in maintaining their competitiveness (Silvi, Bartolini, Raffoni Visani, 2015). With such severe challenges or complexities, financial service organizations needs to have some new means and strategies which would be requiring or necessitating them to utilize the latest technological development, actively taking part in the global market, building the long-term vision as well as structuring themselves in gaining advantages which in turn permits managers in balancing short-term performance with the long-term requirements. The new strategies and new market demand different and new performance measures with choice of performance measure being the most crucial challenges facing the entities (Aranda Arellano, 2010). In essence, SPMS are usually the core of the control systems and usually play some crucial role in developing the strategic plans, assessing achievement of the organizational goals in the banking industry. Hence, based on these facts, this paper aims to present analysis of the major issues during implementation of the SPMS such as balance scorecard in the financial service organizations. It will also present analysis of how successful implementation of the SPMS could assist financial service entities improve their performance. It will also present assessment of some of the benefits, issues related to the implementation of the SPMS in the financial institutions as well as some of the common obstacles to a successful balance scorecard implementation in the banking industry. The report will be organized in numerous sections; that is, definition of the SPMS as well as points on the primary issues related to implementation of the SPMS in different banks that wish to correct the level of sustainability and their social and environmental responsibility outcomes. It would also entails a benefit section of the SPMS based on the features or characteristics of the SPMS and offer detailed discussion on the manner in which SPMS is in a position to assist an entity to improve its social and environmental outcomes. SPMS are defined as that system that utilizes information in producing some changes to the organizational culture, processes and systems. SPMS is also described in key information feature of integrativeness a feature with two components, that is, the generic aspects comprising of information which offers comprehension of cause-effect linkages in between strategies, objectives and operations and in between numerous aspects of value chain (Burney, Henle Widener, 2006). The second is the measurement component concerning the provision of some measures in financial, business processes, customers as well as long-term innovation. In addition, SPMS is the assessment of an entitys performance including measurement of the productivity of different banks which quantifies inputs and outputs of an entity as a ratio (Bento White, 2006). The most common definition of the SPMS is that SPMS is the procedure of measuring effectiveness or competence of the previous arrangements of specific banks thro ugh sorting, collation, interpretation and analysis of appropriate data (Chenhall, 2005). Thus, SPMS is defined in terms of purpose emphasizing evaluation of how well the firm is managed and value delivered for the shareholders. Function/benefits of SPMSs clear to every aspects SPMS is considered as the system in implementing and reformulating strategies, communicating key goals as well as priorities, providing strategic alignment as well as encouraging incremental innovation (Bento, Bento White, 2014). In addition, SPMS is believed to play crucial role in the financial service firms in ensuring availability of well-managed and reliable banks that does not at any point jeopardize interests of the depositors. Furthermore, SPMS assist in improving banks capacity to be competitive in terms of specific strategic priorities. SPMS has a greater role in making sure that banking sector learn in order to enable it maintain its competitiveness in future (Burney, Henle Widener, 2006). SPMS is also being utilized by financial service firms in supporting performance planning, control and measurement. SPMS are also beneficial since assist financial service firm in managing their costs better, deepening their relationship with its clients as well as enhancing pricing de cisions as well as product mix (Nurisyal Sofiah, 2016). In spite of numerous forms in which SPMS have been executed, the system has three common features; that is, they supplement the financial measures with the non-financial measures which shows operational accomplishment likely driving the future of banks, they comprises of the financial measures which captures short-term outcomes of the management decisions regarding issues like asset utilization, cash flow as well as revenue growth. Further, they are designed in fulfilling multiple purposes, from the simple cost determination to the complicated value creation. SPMS are usually designed in presenting management of the banking sector with both non-financial as well as financial measures wrapping diverse perspective which could deliver a means of converting the strategies into intelligible or clear set of the performance measures (Nurisyal, Md Auzair, Mohd Amir Md Daud, 2016). It also include measurement of effectiveness of banks which determines relationship of the banks output to what the bank is intended to achieve, quality which assesses output or process by which the output is produced as well as the timeliness which assesses time involved in producing outputs. There are numerous types of SPMS; these include the balanced scorecard, the six sigma, Performance Prisim and so forth (Bento, Bento White, 2014). Nonetheless, in this case, the researcher would concentrate on the balanced scorecard, its application, advantages and disadvantages if applied incorrectly. Balanced scorecard was mainly developed by 1992 which was aimed at including both the financial measures which report outcomes of the actions already undertaken as well as the operational measures on the internal process, improvement activities as well as customer satisfaction in the banking sector (Talha, Nuhu Emmanuel, 2014). It is an innovative dimensional corporate performance approach which offers an accounting framework for selecting several key performance indicators which could be used in supplementing traditional financial measures with the operating measures of the consumers satisfaction, learning and growth activities as well as internal business processes. Basically, BSC takes into account of the non-financial signals plus the financial one as the prerequisite for the future performance and drive these aspects and assisted the financial institutions in implementing such strategies. It assists banks to identify some strategies as well as make them executable. This model d oes not only take into account of the firm performance internally, but numerous shareholders and investors, are in a position to monitor outcomes of the firms. It considers value of the intangible assets alongside with the tangible assets and enhances performance management systems in reaching its objectives. It turned financial institutions strategies and visions into action. It is usually viewed as the strategic management measurement system which links the strategic objectives of an organization to comprehensive range of the chief performance indicators in providing balanced view. To be more specific, balanced scorecard is mostly based on four main perspectives; that is, customer perspective, learning and growth, financial perspective as well as internal business processes (Petera, Wagner Mensk, 2012). As financial institutions or banking industry try to increase it competitive advantage, BSC is viewed as a comprehensive evaluation strategy for performance of the industry. In essence, the BSC is considered to cover both long and short-term plans as well as internal and external control of the financial institutions. This is based on the fact that BSC considered aspects of customer, learning and growth, financial as well as internal processes in these institutions. Under balanced score card, managers are able to identify primary performances for the metrics and goals within the four primary perspectives. Here, they usually record, discuss as well as analyse numerous metrics in determining performance of the banks to accomplish their main strategic objectives (Wu, Lin Tsai, 2011). With the effects of the latest global financial crisis, implementation of the BSC in the financial service institutions has been significant since it has assisted different financial institutions to accomplish better financial objectives by combining all its perspectives to organizations strategy. Implementation of the BSC has also been beneficial since it has provided a framework for assessing specific programs, objectives as well as strategies in different banks. It has enhanced or enabled external benchmarking processes in the banking industry as well as enabled business processes in ensuring health of the banks. It has also assisted in assessing where the growth objectives are relatively successful and in defining better initiative (Bento, Bento White, 2014). Further, with the aftermath of the global financial crisis, implementation of the balanced scorecard has been beneficial since it has assisted the banks management in tracking financial results in different banks while moni toring capacity needed for growth (Micheli Manzoni, 2010). In addition, balanced scorecard has also provided a basic overview of current condition of the banks. These are crucial success aspect for sustainability and success of the banking sector. Hence, implementation of the better balanced scorecards has been of greater importance in measuring performance in the banks. According to ngel Caldern Molina, et al (2014), balanced scorecard is beneficial since it is viewed as a core management system that assists in improvement and management of performance with well-defined goals and strategies. In addition, balanced scorecard is usually a successful tracking system of effective or competent improvement in the banking sector as well as for better strategic planning. Thus, its implementation in the financial institutions has been beneficial since it has helped personnel working in a given bank to understand value of their duties or roles and how they should relate to the strategic goals of the bank (Rapiah, Wee Shu, Kamal, Rahman Rozainun, 2009). In general, balanced scorecard is crucial and more important since its multi-dimensional focus has been viewed as a positive mean for the banking sector firms or banks in addressing their accountability and governance issues. It has also been beneficial since it offers significant framework for the business elements in implementing and describing their own strategies (Micheli Manzoni, 2010). Implementation of the BSC has also been of greater importance to financial institutions since it assist in making performance adjustments which would help in better position the institutions to engage, retain and attract top talented employees over long-term which assisting in satisfying various shareholders expectations and demands. Disadvantages if implement incorrectly Financial crisis has created negative condition from the BSC point of view, thus, even though balanced scorecard is found to benefit most firms, there are few drawbacks associated with the BSC, especially when it is implemented incorrectly. As balances scorecard is said to link performance measures with the banks strategic plans, lack of proper communication within the firm could lead to weaknesses in some areas. Further, balanced scorecard at times appears as stakeholder approach which is not the case since stakeholders are the dominant group (Bento White, 2006). Thus, this could have some severe effects on the balanced scorecard efficiency and could probably results in numerous issues when this system is not used correctly or in the most appropriate manner. Further, there is some issues in accomplishing desired performance in the banking sectors or in numerous financial institutions which defines level of attention by the management. Hence, there is need to look at the target area s while implementing the balanced scorecard in banking sector that need attention of the management (Mohamed, Wee, Abdul Rahman Abdul Aziz, 2010). The management needs to pay more attention or to be more cautious on area of the performance measurement since it is quite tricky to execute performance based on original measures presented. Furthermore, balanced scorecard cannot be used alone since it requires some links with the other systems (Pinheiro et al., 2009). Nonetheless, some firms utilize few measures, failing to acquire some balance between the results. Others include numerous measures and fail to find the most significant ones. This makes it a bit tricky for the banks to survive with only balanced scorecard. In addition, numerous banks focus on evaluating financial performance and their effectiveness (Micheli Manzoni, 2010). Nonetheless, growth and customer satisfaction are of greater importance since whenever balanced scorecard is unbalanced, one or more perspective is said not to acquire attention it deserve, which could in turn create some negative effect in the banking sector. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that all the four perspective of balanced scorecard are kept in balance. Implementation barriers of SPMSs Even though SPMS is said to be beneficial in improvement of performance of different financial service institutions, there are some primary issues identified which might be affecting its implementation in financial services institutions which are looking forward in improving their sustainability level (Kasurinen, 2002). Some of the most issues that might be hindering implementation of the SPMS in financial institutions are usually poor banking process. In essence, in the present business environment, different nature of an entity with numerous departments could bring some issues while implementing the SPMs (Baird Baird, 2017). Basically, performance measurement could not be applicable to all financial institutions; likewise, not all financial service institutions are in a position of adopting performance management system. Another issue is the extents of employees level of skills in the financial service institutions or in the banking industry, whereby during implementation of the S PMs, high level of training and skills amongst employees is required. In addition, during implementation of the SPMs, there is usually lack of competencies in the early stages within the banking industry. In this case, the management try to focus more on the financial measures; resulting in some difficulties while incorporating components of the outcomes. This could result in very huge amount being spent and at times could result in destructive outcomes in the financial institutions. Thus, it is important to understand how SPMs are implemented in the banking sector to enable the banks become sustainable in in future. In order to overcome these barriers, there is need to ensure that the nature of the financial service institutions or banking sector is not diverse which could help in reducing difficulties of executing the system. Further, to resolve these barriers, there is need to ensure that all employees working in the banking sector are fully aware and clearly understands SPMs. The barriers can also be resolved by ensuring that there is presence of executive sponsorship during implementation of the SPMs in the financial institutions (Kasurinen, 2002). With full support from the top management, implementation of the SPMS would be successful. There is also need to ensure that all employees working in the banking industry are fully trained and educated about the SPMs and its importance before the system is implemented in the banking sector. This would mean that employees would be enhanced with relevant skills before the SPMs is implemented. Furthermore, to resolve or to overcome such barriers duri ng implementation of the SPMs, enhancement of adequate IT support in the banking sector would have been very crucial. This would include continually updating of the operationally and current relevant information of the SPMs. In addition, to overcome those barriers during implementation of the SPMs, enhancement of proper planning and communication in the overall banking industry would be of great importance (Muhamad, Auzair, Amir Ismail, 2016). This is based on the fact that, enhancement of proper planning and communication would make implementation of the system in different financial service institutions more easy, time saving and could make employees more satisfied. If success, the Advantages to Financial Service Institutions Performance As financial institutions or banking industry try to increase it competitive advantage, SPMs is a comprehensive evaluation strategy for performance of the industry (Wu, Lin Tsai, 2011). With the effects of the latest global financial crisis, implementation of the SPMs in the financial service institutions has been significant since it has assisted different financial institutions to accomplish better financial objectives by combining all its perspectives to organizations strategy. Successful implementation of the SPMs has also been beneficial since it has provided a framework for assessing specific programs, objectives as well as strategies in different banks. In addition, successful implementation of the SPMs has been beneficial especially in curbing some of the negative effects of the global financial crisis since it has enhanced or enabled external benchmarking processes in the banking industry as well as enabled business processes in ensuring health of the banks (Bento, Bento W hite, 2014). Further, with the aftermath of the global financial crisis, successful implementation of the SPMs has been beneficial since it has assisted the banks management in tracking financial results in different banks while monitoring capacity needed for growth. Hence, successful implementation of the better SPMs has been of greater importance in measuring performance in the banks. With the fact that SPMs is viewed as a successful tracking system of effective or competent improvement in the banking sector as well as for better strategic planning, successful implementation of SPMs in the financial institutions has been beneficial since it has helped personnel working in a given bank to understand value of their duties or roles and how they should relate to the strategic goals of the bank. In essence, successful implementation of the SPMS has been beneficial to financial service institutions since it has helped them in interpreting, diffusing, acquiring as well as storing information and results of the organizational experience (Baird Baird, 2017). Successful implementation of the SPMs has been of greater importance in financial service institutions performance since it has assisted in assessing whether the growth objectives are relatively successful and in defining better initiative in these institutions (Muhamad et al., 2016). Furthermore, successful implementation of the SPMs after the latest global financial crisis has had some advantages in improvement of performance especially in financial service firms since it has assisted in ensuring that there is suitable and sustainable external environment which is crucial in accomplishment of performance success in these firms. It has also been significant since it has provided the probability of identifying cause-and-effect between numerous measures and performance of different banks (Pinheiro et al., 2009). Further, successful implementation of the SPMs in the financial service institutions has been beneficial in performance improvement since it has offered greater support in development and sustainment of competitive strategic results in these institutions. Successful implementation of the SPMs has also been important in financial service institutions performance since it have strategic orientation which focuses mostly on provision of the financial information which has helped with identification as well as achievement of the strategic goals in these firms (Kasurinen, 2002). In addition, successful implementation of the SPMs has been crucial in financial service institutions performance improvement after the great financial crisis since it has enhanced future growth in these firms and enhanced innovation and operational, growth and learning perspectives which assisted in highlighting some of the places an entity require to place more emphasis on in creating value for its stockholders (Bento White, 2006). Therefore, successful implementation of the SPMs has been very crucial in financial service entities since it has assisted them in accomplishment of improved performance by reducing possibility dysfunctional impacts linked with dependence on the accounting performance measurement. Conclusion In conclusion, use of the SPMS and particularly balanced scorecard has been promoted in evaluating organizational strategic performance and as crucial instruments in communicating strategic priorities which could facilitate strategic implementation process. Balanced scorecard is said to be beneficial as valuable tool in providing some means to have more complete picture of the banking sector. Furthermore, use of balanced scorecard in an banks in facilitates improved or smooth performance in that it facilitates working together of personnel in search of some common goals. This enhances improved attitude of employees which in turn renders better as well as positive results like improved employees performance or higher job satisfaction. Further, it can be concluded that SPMS play crucial role in helping banks gain as well as sustain their competitive advantages. On the other hand, though numerous researchers agreed that SPMS has to be designed based on the non-financial and financial me asures, performance impact of such choices has remained uncertain. With these the literature on SPMS, especially its capacity in enhancing banks competitiveness require no more evidence. 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